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Synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction studies of the structure of johnbaumite [Ca10(AsO4)6(OH,F)2] and synthetic Pb-, Sr- and Ba-arsenate apatites and some comments on the crystal chemistry of the apatite structure type in general
- C. M. B. Henderson, A. M. T. Bell, J. M. Charnock, K. S. Knight, R. F. Wendlandt, D. A. Plant, W. J. Harrison
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- Journal:
- Mineralogical Magazine / Volume 73 / Issue 3 / June 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 July 2018, pp. 433-455
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The chemical composition oft he natural arsenate-apatite mineral johnbaumite [nominally Ca10(AsO4)6(OH)2] and its alteration product hedyphane [Ca4Pb6(AsO4)6Cl2] have been determined by electron microprobe analysis and the structures ofjohnbaumite and synthetic Sr-, Ba- and Pbarsenate apatites have been studied by As K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. All samples belong to the holosymmetric apatite space group P63/m with As5+ substituted for P5+ in the tetrahedral structural site. Johnbaumite contains small amounts ofF and Pb (~0.9 and ~4.4 wt.% respectively) and hedyphane has the ideal composition (formula given above); the compositions of these coexisting phases define the two limbs ofa solvus occurring between Ca- and Pb-arsenate apatite end members. The unit-cell parameters and cation–oxygen bond lengths for the arsenate apatites studied are discussed alongside published data for end-member Ca-, Sr-, Ba- and Pbphosphate apatite analogues with (OH), F, Cl or Br as the anions at the centres of the channels in the apatite structure. This discussion rationalizes the relationships between the two structural sites A(1) and A(2) occupied by divalent cations in terms of the size of the A–O polyhedra and the distortion of the A(1)–O polyhedron as measured by the metaprism twist angle [O(1)–A(1)–O(2) projected onto (001)].
Strategies for rapid rebreeding of lactating ewes in the spring
- K. J. Goff, D. R. Notter, H.-B. Vanimisetti, J. W. Knight
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Rapid rebreeding of winter- and spring-lambing ewes is essential if ewes are to lamb more than once per year, but fertility of lactating ewes is often low and early weaning of lambs may be undesirable in forage-based production systems. Selection to improve fertility in spring matings has been successful and led to development of ewes with a reduced seasonal anestrus. Potential for rapid rebreeding of lactating out-of-season breeding (OOS) ewes was tested in three studies. In Experiment 1, effects of short-term lamb removal on rebreeding was evaluated over 2 years using 71 January-lambing OOS ewes. At an average of 63 days postpartum, 36 ewes had lambs removed for 72 h, and all ewes were joined with rams. Circulating progesterone levels indicated that 74% of ewes ovulated before lamb separation; 91% of ewes mated within 5 weeks of ram exposure, 85% were diagnosed as pregnant and 75% lambed. The average interval between lambings was 225 days. In contrast to results observed in cattle, none of the measured variables was affected by lamb separation (P>0.20). Experiment 2 compared rebreeding performance of 24 OOS and 23 St. Croix ewes that lambed in January and averaged 60 days postpartum at ram introduction. More OOS ewes ovulated, mated and became pregnant during the first 21 days of ram exposure (83.3%, 58.3%, and 41.7%, respectively; P<0.001) compared with St. Croix ewes (26.1%, 0%, and 0%, respectively). After 39 days of ram exposure, pregnancy rates still favored OOS ewes (66.7% v. 39.1%; P=0.06), but the percentage of ewes that lambed did not differ (P>0.20) between OOS (47.8%) and St. Croix ewes (34.8%). In the third study, 34 March-lambing OOS ewes were exposed to rams on May 3 at an average of 40 days postpartum to characterize their reproductive performance. After 39 days of ram exposure, 52.9±8.7% of the ewes had mated, and 38.2±8.5% were diagnosed as pregnant. However, only 20.6±7.0% of the ewes produced viable lambs, suggesting a high level of uterine insufficiency. Spring fertility of lactating OOS ewes in these studies was one of the highest reported in the literature and indicated that selection for fertility in spring mating would improve reproductive performance in accelerated lambing programs. However, exposure of lactating OOS ewes to rams at 30 to 50 days postpartum was associated with high prenatal lamb mortality.
A SEX PHEROMONE IN THE INSECT RHODNIUS PROLIXUS (HEMIPTERA: REDUVIIDAE)
- W. F. Baldwin, A. G. Knight, K. R. Lynn
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- The Canadian Entomologist / Volume 103 / Issue 1 / January 1971
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 May 2012, pp. 18-22
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In Rhodnius, a volatile substance produced by mating pairs is attractive to male insects. The pheromone acts also as a sexual stimulant; males respond in the absence of females by attempting copulation with other males. Air swept over mating pairs and conducted to a cage at a considerable distance proved to be highly attractive to males. Proximity of the sexes, without opportunity for actual contact, does not stimulate production of the pheromone. Since males and females will copulate only after a blood meal, feeding is a prerequisite to pheromone production. Also, unfed males will not respond to the attractant. Males of this nocturnal species were stimulated only in complete darkness.
The crystal structure of KCaF3 at 4.2 and 300 K: A re-evaluation using high-resolution powder neutron diffraction
- K. S. Knight, C. N. W. Darlington, I. G. Wood
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- Journal:
- Powder Diffraction / Volume 20 / Issue 1 / March 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 March 2012, pp. 7-13
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The crystal structure of the perovskite phase KCaF3 has been redetermined at 4.2 and 300 K using powder neutron diffraction collected at the highest resolution. At both temperatures the phase was found to be orthorhombic in space group Pnma, with lattice parameters a=0.622 879(5) nm, b=0.870 031(7) nm, c=0.611 210(5) nm at 4.2 K, and a=0.621 488(6) nm, b=0.876 360(8) nm, c=0.616 481(6) nm at 300 K. The CaF6 octahedron is regular at both temperatures with octahedral rotations of 9.6° and 13.2° for the in-phase and anti-phase tilts, respectively, at 4.2 K. No evidence was found to support the recent revision of the space group from Pnma to the monoclinic space group B21∕m.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Heart rate and blood pressure effects during caloric vestibular testing
- A V Kasbekar, D M Baguley, R Knight, P Gomersall, R Parker, S W K Lloyd, K Butler, D P Dutka
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- The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 124 / Issue 6 / June 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 March 2010, pp. 616-622
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- June 2010
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Objectives:
To determine whether the caloric vestibular test causes significant changes in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure.
Materials and methods:Changes in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure before and after caloric irrigation were compared with the degree of nystagmus (as measured by maximum slow phase velocity) and the patient's subjective dizziness (scored from 0 to 10). A cardiologist reviewed each patient's heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure changes. Patients' anxiety levels were also assessed.
Results:Eighteen patients were recruited. There were no adverse events in any patient. There were no overall significant differences between the heart rate and mean arterial pressure before and after each irrigation. There was a significant correlation between the maximum slow phase velocity and patients' subjective dizziness scores.
Conclusion:Heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure are not significantly influenced by the caloric vestibular test. This preliminary study will enable patients with stable cardiovascular disease to be recruited for further risk determination.
Trends in stimulated Brillouin scattering and optical phase conjugation
- M. Ostermeyer, H.J. Kong, V.I. Kovalev, R.G. Harrison, A.A. Fotiadi, P. Mégret, M. Kalal, O. Slezak, J.W. Yoon, J.S. Shin, D.H. Beak, S.K. Lee, Z. Lü, S. Wang, D. Lin, J.C. Knight, N.E. Kotova, A. Sträßer, A. Scheikh-Obeid, T. Riesbeck, S. Meister, H.J. Eichler, Y. Wang, W. He, H. Yoshida, H. Fujita, M. Nakatsuka, T. Hatae, H. Park, C. Lim, T. Omatsu, K. Nawata, N. Shiba, O.L. Antipov, M.S. Kuznetsov, N.G. Zakharov
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- Laser and Particle Beams / Volume 26 / Issue 3 / September 2008
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- 09 June 2008, pp. 297-362
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An overview on current trends in stimulated Brillouin scattering and optical phase conjugation is given. This report is based on the results of the “Second International Workshop on stimulated Brillouin scattering and phase conjugation” held in Potsdam/Germany in September 2007. The properties of stimulated Brillouin scattering are presented for the compensation of phase distortions in combination with novel laser technology like ceramics materials but also for e.g., phase stabilization, beam combination, and slow light. Photorefractive nonlinear mirrors and resonant refractive index gratings are addressed as phase conjugating mirrors in addition.
X-ray diffraction patterns and anatomical properties of claw tissues of beef and dairy cattle
- M. P. BROWNE, D. W. L. HUKINS, J. M. S. SKAKLE, C. H. KNIGHT, K. A. K. HENDRY, C. J. WILDE, H. GALBRAITH
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 145 / Issue 6 / December 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 June 2007, pp. 623-633
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Medial claws from the right hind feet were obtained post mortem from four 19–20-month-old beef heifers and from four 28-month-old first-calving dairy heifers 3–4 days postpartum. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies were undertaken on samples of soft and hard (cornified) integumental tissues of dorsal wall, sole and heel (bulb) for varying sites and planes of exposure. The measurements were interpreted as defining diffraction patterns and intermolecular spacings of cytoskeletal and extracellular fibrous structural proteins. The orientation of these proteins was examined in relation to physical characteristics and function including bearing of body weight by these tissues.
Physical measurements taken included impression hardness which showed typically greater values for wall than sole and variable differences between horn of dairy and beef origin and husbandry systems. Claws from dairy heifers had significantly smaller values for toe (dorsal wall) angle, claw height and heel height and thickness of solear horn and heel soft tissue. Although few were studied, the results reflected typical husbandry origins and indicated the susceptibility to the lesion formation well recognized in postpartum dairy cattle.
Typical XRD patterns for horn samples showed defined arcs of reflectance on the equatorial axis consistent with findings for the presence of α-helices in fibrils reported to occur in other hard-keratin-containing integumental tissues. However, reflectance on the meridional axis also reported for these other tissues was not detected. A similar defined pattern was obtained for less than 0·10 of samples of internal soft pre-cornified epidermal and attached dermal tissue although the values for intermolecular ‘d’ spacing for these were consistent with those reported for type I collagen. Diffuse reflection patterns were thus evident for the majority of samples of soft tissue epidermis and dermis and also for adipose tissue of the digital cushion.
The formation of defined arcs of reflectance allowed the determination of fibril alignment in wall and solear horn. For the orientated samples of dorsal wall horn tissue, the outer layer showed a longitudinal angle of orientation essentially maintained proximal to distal. This pattern was maintained throughout the depth of horn at the proximal site. In contrast, layers in mid-wall and towards the distal edge showed a greater circumferential (horizontal) orientation in sections collected anterior to posterior towards the inner corial, including laminar, tissues. The orientation of fibrils in inner wall horn appears to relate to the direction of load-bearing forces in connecting horn to the distal phalanx. Horizontal alignment of fibrils was observed in the sole. In presenting the long axis of cells to the ground surface this orientation may facilitate erosive forces and contribute to the thinning of cornified sole horn under adverse underfoot conditions.
Breathing pattern and workload during automatic tube compensation, pressure support and T-piece trials in weaning patients
- D. J. W. Knight, I. K. Moppett, J. G. Hardman
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- Journal:
- European Journal of Anaesthesiology / Volume 20 / Issue 11 / November 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 July 2005, p. 932
- Print publication:
- November 2003
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Robotic assembly: chamferless peg-hole assembly
- W. Haskiya, K. Maycock, J. Knight
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The peg-in-hole insertion process is the most common task in the robotic/automatic assembly industry. However, the inaccuracy of the assembly robot in positioning the inserted peg into the hole due to the uncertainty of the assembly environment, represents an obstacle in this area of automation. To overcome this problem, complex and expensive equipment has been designed. The objective of this paper is to provide an in-depth understanding of the chamferless peg-hole assembly, by showing the geometrical, dynamical conditions for a successful assembly operation. Also, the results of this analysis have been simulated to demonstrate the chamferless peg-hole insertion process.
A note on the effects of exogenous progesterone and oestrone during early gestation on farrowing performance in gilts
- J. W. Knight, D. L. Dalton, K. L. Bryant
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- Journal:
- Animal Production / Volume 37 / Issue 1 / August 1983
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 September 2010, pp. 141-144
- Print publication:
- August 1983
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Administration of exogenous progesterone (0-55 mg/kg live weight) and oestrone (0-275μg/kg live weight) during various discrete intervals between days 4 and 30 of gestation elicited variable results depending upon the time and duration of administration. Administration of the combined steroids early in gestation (days 4 to 20, trial 1; days 4 to 12, trial 2) tended to affect farrowing performance adversely. In general, advantageous effects on farrowing performance occurred when treatment with exogenous progesterone and oestrone was initiated at day 12 or later of gestation.
Administrative Secrecy and Ministerial Responsibility
- K. W. Knight
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science/Revue Canadienne d’Economique et de Science politique / Volume 32 / Issue 1 / February 1966
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 November 2014, pp. 77-84
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- February 1966
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